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Evolution Korea
The democratic system in South Korea is susceptible to populist impulses. Nonetheless, it is healthier than what one might expect.
The country is looking for a new development paradigm. A Confucian culture that emphasizes respect for ancestors and gendered family relations continues to influence the way we live. There are indications of a secularist culture trend that is emerging.
Origins
In prehistoric times the ancestors of modern Koreans were able to survive by hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago they began to cultivate millet, beans, and other crops. They also raised livestock and made furs. They created tribal states in Manchuria and later on the Korean peninsula. They also established an industry for metalworking, which produced bronze tools, and later iron tools. They traded with other nations and introduced celadon and block printing to Japan along with styles of art, a written language, and papermaking.
Gojoseon was established in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture including Confucian philosophy. In this period, the people of Buyeo were part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a state that was hierarchical with the monarch and top officials came from the aristocracy of the land, whereas the majority of the population was peasants. The state imposed taxes on these citizens and often required them to serve in the army or take part in government projects such as building fortifications.
Onjo, a prince from Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo, founded the state of Baekje at the end of the period. The new kingdom expanded to the southwest part of the peninsula, and was at war against Goguryeo's commanderies and China's in the region. Baekje accepted Confucian ideas into its state belief system in 1390 CE and introduced the male-centric concept of filiopiety a doctrine. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were responsible to their families. They had to be obedient to everyone and respected even by their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, a nation that ruled from 918 until 1392 CE in the year 1392 CE, introduced to the world the Hangul Alphabet based upon the patterns created by the mouth while pronouncing. This greatly improved communication between people, and resulted in an explosion of the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and movable type were also refined. In 1145 CE, the Samguk Sagi, or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was first recorded.
Development in Korea
The Korean peninsula was habitable from Neolithic times to. Early evidence of human settlements is evident in the form of cist graves paved with stone, with precious objects like amazonite jewelry that were buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens, built from huge single stones, are widespread throughout the country.
In the first half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognisable political state. The peninsula was later under the control of a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE) including Baekje and Goguryeo. Additionally, the northern part of the peninsula was occupied by the Balhae kingdom, which the majority of historians do not believe to be a valid Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). In all of them, Baekje was the most powerful state, but its dynasty ended by the fall of Goguryeo in 676 CE and left Baekje with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region around Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy thrived for some time.
The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms started to work together to expand their territories. Silla with the aid of the Chinese, eventually conquered and unified the peninsula in 935.
As Korea enters a post-crisis era, its development paradigm seems to be in flux. The people who are affronted by the immense cost of the old system would prefer a thorough program of liberalization in capital as well as labor and product markets. On the other hand, champions of the old system are seeking to protect it by using nationalist sentiments and inflating fears over potential job losses.
The academic and policy analysts remain in a tense debate about the extent to the extent that these two trends are driving Koreas shift towards an economic model that is radically different from the one of governance. This article analyzes the five phases of the Korean evolution in terms of its political development that include illiberal democracies (1945-60), democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877), democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and democratic participation (2002). This article also identifies the key elements that are shaping these processes.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have made progress in promoting their views to this group. A 2009 survey showed that nearly a third of respondents were against evolution. Of those, 41% claimed that there wasn't enough evidence from science to support the theory 39% of respondents said that the theory contradicted their religion; and 17% said it was difficult to grasp. This level of disbelief is comparable to that in the United States, where a majority of people do not believe that humans evolved from less advanced species of life.
In the past, most of the anti-evolutionist movement in Korea was focused on teaching college students and bringing them to Christ. In 1980 the year 1980, a four-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the main speakers. This event attracted a large number of church leaders, and scientists.
The success of this event led to the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st 1981. The event was extensively covered in national newspapers including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.
KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter, CREATION, where it reported on its activities and also published articles on scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated several films and slides from ICR, as well as some books on the subject that were in print outside of Korea. KACR members lectured throughout the country in churches and universities.
A KACR success was observed at the KAIST University in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were so interested in creationism, they raised money and secured funding to build a small museum dedicated to creation on campus.
In addition to its work, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine, CREATION. The magazine covers a variety of topics that pertain to the science of creation. It also sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also created a network of local branch offices that give talks and seminars to schoolchildren and other community groups.
Evolution in South Korea
In the late nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok was replaced by miniskirts and other foreign fashion elements. In the same way, 에볼루션 코리아 traditional Korean music styles were replaced by contemporary jazz and rock and roll. In this period the famous samulnori or masked dance dramas, were popular with the general public. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drummers and other musical instruments.
The economic crisis has shaped Korea's new paradigm of development. The main challenge for the new regime is to strike an equilibrium between market-oriented and state-led economic policies. It also involves changing incentives, monitoring or discipline schemes that have shaped the system prior to the crisis. These issues are discussed in Chapters 3 & 4.
Baekje, founded by Onjo, prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was founded by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other regions as well as migrant workers from northern China. Baekje, an important regional power in the early 4th Century, expanded its territory to Mahan in north and Jeollanam-do south. In the process, it entered into frequent conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders across the border.
The decline of Silla in the late 8th and 9th centuries enabled strong local factions to emerge. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as its capital. He ruled a portion of today's Jeolla province as well as Chungcheong. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju. He was a rival to Goguryeo.
The rule of his was, however, short-lived. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and unified Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla Later, he incorporated Baekje into Goryeo without a fight as his successor. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms, and strengthened the centralized ruling system. This marked the closing of the Three Kingdoms period. From that point on, the Korean peninsula was under the control of the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually became powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.